Why Do Seizures Happen, and How Should You Respond When They Occur?

 Why Do Seizures Happen, and How Should You Respond When They Occur?

Seizures are sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain that can affect a person’s movement, behavior, or consciousness. They are a common neurological event, with one in ten people experiencing a seizure at some point in their lives. Understanding why seizures happen and knowing how to respond when they occur can significantly improve outcomes and provide comfort during a stressful situation.

Why Do Seizures Happen?

Seizures occur when there is an abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain, disrupting its normal functions. This electrical disruption can result from a variety of causes, ranging from medical conditions to environmental factors. Some common reasons why seizures happen include:

1. Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. It is the most common cause of seizures and can result from genetic factors, brain injury, or developmental issues. People with epilepsy experience seizures without any identifiable trigger, and the condition can affect individuals of all ages.

2. Head Injuries

A traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause seizures, especially if the injury affects areas of the brain that control movement or consciousness. Seizures may occur immediately after the injury or even months or years later.

3. Infections

Brain infections such as meningitis or encephalitis can lead to seizures by causing inflammation in the brain. Other infections, like a high fever (febrile seizures), can also trigger seizures, especially in young children.

4. Stroke

A stroke, which disrupts blood flow to the brain, can cause brain damage and increase the risk of seizures. Seizures can occur shortly after a stroke or years later, particularly if the stroke was severe.

5. Brain Tumors

Brain tumors, both cancerous and non-cancerous, can cause seizures by pressing against parts of the brain that control motor function or consciousness. Tumors may disrupt normal brain activity, leading to abnormal electrical signals.

6. Low Blood Sugar (Hypoglycemia)

Severe low blood sugar, especially in individuals with diabetes, can trigger seizures. The brain requires a steady supply of glucose to function properly, and when blood sugar levels drop too low, it can result in a seizure.

7. Withdrawal from Alcohol or Drugs

Sudden withdrawal from alcohol or certain drugs (like benzodiazepines) can lead to withdrawal seizures. These seizures typically occur within a few days of stopping or reducing substance use, especially after prolonged or heavy use.

8. Genetic Disorders

Certain genetic conditions, like Dravet syndrome or Rett syndrome, can increase the likelihood of seizures. These disorders often affect brain development or neurotransmitter function, making seizures more likely.

9. Electrolyte Imbalances

Imbalances in electrolytes, such as sodium, calcium, or magnesium, can affect brain function and increase the risk of seizures. Dehydration, kidney disease, or medications can sometimes cause these imbalances.

How Should You Respond When Seizures Occur?

Witnessing someone having a seizure can be frightening, but knowing how to respond can make a significant difference. Here are the essential steps to take when someone experiences a seizure:

1. Stay Calm and Ensure Safety

It’s important to remain calm during a seizure. If possible, gently guide the person to the ground to prevent injury. Make sure the area is free of sharp objects or potential hazards, such as furniture or hard surfaces, that could cause harm. Do not try to restrain the person or hold them down.

2. Protect the Head

If the person is on the ground, place something soft (such as a folded jacket or a cushion) under their head to protect it from injury. Avoid using a pillow, as it can obstruct the airway.

3. Time the Seizure

Note the duration of the seizure. Most seizures last between 30 seconds to 2 minutes. If the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes or if multiple seizures occur in a row without the person regaining consciousness between them (status epilepticus), seek immediate medical help. This is a medical emergency.

4. Do Not Put Anything in Their Mouth

A common myth is that people having a seizure might bite their tongue or swallow it, which is not true. Never attempt to put anything in the person's mouth, as this could cause choking or injury to both you and the person having the seizure. It is also a myth that placing a spoon or similar object in their mouth will prevent biting—this is dangerous.

5. Turn Them on Their Side

Once the seizure subsides, gently turn the person onto their side. This position helps keep the airway clear and reduces the risk of choking, especially if the person begins to vomit after the seizure.

6. Stay With Them

After the seizure, the person may be confused or disoriented. Offer reassurance and stay with them until they are fully alert. Avoid rushing them to stand up, as they may feel weak or dizzy. It’s important to be patient and provide a calm environment.

7. Provide Support During Recovery

Once the seizure ends, the person may feel fatigued or have difficulty recalling the event. Some people may experience confusion, headache, or soreness. Give them space, but be supportive, offering help if needed. If the person is known to have seizures and this is typical behavior, there may be no need to seek medical attention unless the seizure was prolonged or different from their usual pattern.

8. Call for Medical Help When Necessary

Seek medical attention immediately if:

• The seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes.

• Another seizure follows immediately.

• The person does not regain consciousness after the seizure ends.

• The person is injured during the seizure.

• The person has never had a seizure before.

• The seizure occurs in someone who is pregnant or has other health concerns.

When Should You Seek Medical Advice?

If someone experiences seizures frequently, they should consult a doctor for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan. Seizures can often be controlled with medication, but a healthcare provider can help determine the cause and best course of action.

Final Thoughts

Seizures can be unpredictable and alarming, but knowing how to respond can help ensure safety and provide support to the person experiencing them. Whether the seizure is caused by a known medical condition, an injury, or another factor, remaining calm and following the correct steps can make a significant difference. If in doubt, always err on the side of caution and seek medical help when necessary.